LASNE et al.: PHASE SIGNATURE FOR DETECTING WET SUBSURFACE STRUCTURES
1693
Soulié and J.-P. Busset for technical support during fieldwork.
[20] G. Nesti, D. Tarchi, D. Despan, J.-P. Rudant, A. Bedidi, P. Borderies, and
E. Bachelier, "Phase shift and decorrelation of radar signal related to soil
They also acknowledge P. Dubois-Fernandez and an anony-
moisture changes," in Proc. Retrieval f Bio- Geo-Physical Parameters
mous reviewer for major improvement of the original paper.
From SAR Data Land Applications Workshop. Noordwijk, Netherlands,
1998.
[21] Y. Zhang and S. Okamura, "New density-independent moisture mea-
surement using microwave phase shifts at two frequencies," IEEE Trans.
REFERENCES
Instrum. Meas., vol. 48, pp. 12081211, Dec. 1999.
[22] S. Okamura and Y. Zhang, "New method for moisture content measure-
[1] F. T. Ulaby, R. K. Moore, and A. K. Fung, Microwave Remote Sensing:
ment using phase shifts at two frequencies," J. Microwave Power Elec-
Active and Passive. Norwood, MA: Artech House, 1981, vol. 1.
tromagn. Energy, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 175178, 2000.
[2] F. T. Ulaby, R. K. Moore, and A. K. Fung, Microwave Remote Sensing:
[23] T. August-Bernex, P. Paillou, G. Grandjean, P. Dreuillet, and J. Achache,
Active and Passive. Norwood, MA: Artech House, 1982, vol. 2.
"Subsurface imaging by combining airborne SAR and GPR: Application
[3] F. T. Ulaby, R. K. Moore, and A. K. Fung, Microwave Remote Sensing:
to water detection in arid zones," in Proc. IGARSS, Sydney, Australia,
Active and Passive. Norwood, MA: Artech House, 1986, vol. 3.
July 2001.
[4] G. G. Schaber, J. F. McCauley, C. S. Breed, and G. R. Olhoeft, "Shuttle
[24] T. August-Bernex, "Étude et modélization des potentiels du SAR basse
imaging radar: Physical controls on signal penetration and subsurface
fréquence pour l'exploration de la subsurface en contexte aride," Ph.D.
scattering in the Eastern Sahara," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing,
thesis, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France, 2002.
vol. GE-24, pp. 603623, July 1986.
[25] J.-M. Boutry, "ONERA airborne SAR facilities," in Proc. 2nd Int. Air-
[5] P. Paillou, G. Grandjean, N. Baghdadi, E. Heggy, T. August, and J.
borne Remote Sensing Conf., San Fransisco, CA, 1996.
Achache, "Subsurface imaging in central-southern Egypt using low
[26] A. K. Fung, Z. Li, and K. S. Chen, "Backscattering from a randomly
frequency radar: Bir Safsaf revisited," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote
rough dielectric surface," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 30,
Sensing, vol. 41, pp. 16721684, July 2003.
pp. 356369, Mar. 1992.
[6] K. K. Williams and R. Greeley, "Radar attenuation by sand: Labora-
[27] A. K. Fung, Microwave Scattering and Emission Models and Their Ap-
tory measurements of radar transmission," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote
plications. Norwood, MA: Artech House, 1994.
Sensing, vol. 39, pp. 25212526, Nov. 2001.
[28] P. Paillou, G. Grandjean, J.-M. Malézieux, G. Ruffié, E. Heggy, D.
[7] C. Elachi, L. E. Roth, and G. G. Schaber, "Spaceborne radar subsurface
Piponnier, P. Dubois, and J. Achache, "Performances of ground pene-
imaging in hyperarid regions," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing,
trating radar in arid volcanic regions: Consequences for Mars subsurface
vol. GE-22, pp. 383388, July 1984.
exploration," Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 911914, 2001.
[8] J. F. McCauley, G. G. Schaber, C. S. Breed, M. J. Grolier, C. V. Haynes,
[29] W. Dierking, "Quantitative roughness characterization of geological sur-
B. Issawi, C. Elachi, and R. Blom, "Subsurface valleys and geoarchae-
faces and implications for radar signature analysis," IEEE Trans. Geosci.
ology of the eastern Sahara revealed by Shuttle radar," Science, vol. 218,
Remote Sensing, vol. 37, pp. 23972412, Sept. 1999.
pp. 10041020, 1982.
[30] J.-P. Deroin, A. Company, and A. Simonin, "An empirical model for in-
[9] G. L. Berlin, M. A. Tarabzouni, A. H. Al-Nazer, K. M. Sheikho, and R.
terpreting the relationship between backscattering and arid land surface
W. Larson, "SIR-B subsurface imaging of a sand-buried landscape: Al
roughness as seen with the SAR," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing,
Labbah Plateau, Saudi Arabia," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing,
vol. 35, pp. 8692, Jan. 1997.
vol. GE-24, pp. 595602, July 1986.
[31] A. K. Fung, M. R. Shah, and S. Tjuatja, "Numerical simulation of scat-
[10] T. G. Farr, C. Elachi, P. Hartl, and K. Chowdhury, "Microwave penetra-
tering from three-dimensional randomly rough surfaces," IEEE Trans.
tion and attenuation in desert soil: A field experiment with the shuttle
Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 32, pp. 986994, Sept. 1994.
imaging radar," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. GE-24, pp.
[32] D. L. Schuler, J. S. Lee, D. Kasilingam, and G. Nesti, "Surface rough-
590594, July 1986.
ness and slope measurements using polarimetric SAR data," IEEE Trans.
[11] M. G. Abdelsalam and R. J. Stern, "Mapping precambrian structures
Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 40, pp. 687698, Mar. 2002.
in the Sahara desert with SIR-C/X-SAR radar: The Neoproterozoic
[33] F. Mattia, T. Le Toan, J.-C. Souyris, G. De Carolis, N. Floury, F. Posa,
Keraf Suture, NE Sudan," J. Geophys. Res., vol. 101, no. E10, pp.
and G. Pasquariello, "The effect of surface roughness on multyfrequency
23 06323 076, 1996.
polarimetric SAR data," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 35,
[12] A. E. Dabbagh, G. A. Khattab, and M. A. Khan, "Detection of sand-
pp. 954966, July 1997.
covered geologic features in the Arabian Peninsula using SIR-C/X-SAR
[34] M. Davidson, J. L. Evert Attema, N. Floury, and M. Borgeaud, "A gen-
data," Remote Sens. Environ., vol. 59, pp. 375382, 1997.
eral roughness powerspectrum model for agricultural fields in support of
[13] G. G. Schaber, J. F. McCauley, and C. S. Breed, "The use of multifre-
SAR surface parameter retrieval," in Proc. IGARSS, Toulouse, France,
quency and polarimetric SIR-C/X-SAR data in geologic studies of Bir
July 2003.
Safsaf, Egypt," Remote Sens. Environ., vol. 59, pp. 337363, 1997.
[35] K. S. Kunz and R. J. Luebbers, The Finite Difference Time Domain for
[14] G. Grandjean, P. Paillou, P. Dubois, T. August-Bernex, N. Baghdadi,
Electromagnetics. Orlando, FL: CRC, 1993.
and J. Achache, "Subsurface structures detection by combining L-band
[36] K. S. Yee, "Numerical solution of initial boundary value problems in-
polarimetric SAR and GPR data: Example of the Pyla dune (France),"
volving Maxwell's equations in isotropic media," IEEE Trans. Antennas
IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 39, pp. 12451258, June
Propagat., vol. AP-14, pp. 302307, May 1966.
2001.
[37] W. Elmore and M. Heald, Physics of Waves. New York: Dover, 1985,
[15] P. Dubois, J. van Zyl, and T. Engman, "Measuring soil moisture with
pp. 310320.
imaging radar," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 33, pp.
915926, July 1995.
[16] Y. Oh, K. Sarabandi, and F. T. Ulaby, "An empirical model for phase
difference statistics of rough surfaces," in Proc. IGARSS, vol. 3, Tokyo,
Japan, 1993, pp. 10031005.
, "An empirical model and an inversion technique for radar scat-
[17]
tering from bare soil surfaces," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing,
Yannick Lasne received the "Astrophysics, Plane-
vol. 30, pp. 370381, Mar. 1992.
tology and Space Techniques" D.E.A. degree in 2002
[18] K. Sarabandi, "Derivation of phase statistics from the Mueller matrix,"
from the University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
He is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree in planetary
Radio Sci., vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 553560, 1992.
geology and radar remote sensing at the Observatoire
[19] Z. Su, P. A. Troch, and F. P. De Troch, Estimation of surface soil moisture
Aquitain des Sciences de l'Univers (OASU), Univer-
by inversion of SAR data, surface scattering from random rough, bare
sity of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
soils, spatial and temporal soil moisture mapping from ERS-1/2, and
His research interests concern remote sensing of
JERS-1 SAR data and macroscale hydrologic modeling for regional cli-
arid regions with applications to Mars exploration.
mate models (RCM), Eur. Space Agency, Noordwijk, The Netherlands,
1997.